The burgeoning urban centers are rapidly expanding, giving rise to various socio-economic challenges and opportunities. It is within this labyrinth of challenges that urban agriculture (UA) has emerged as a promising solution. Existing literature on UA predominantly emphasizes its advantages, challenges, and outcomes; however, only a few studies venture beyond mere descriptive analyses of these outcomes. Our inquiry begins with the understanding that socio-economic factors play a pivotal role in shaping the landscape of UA practices. Focusing on the Indian cities of Bengaluru and Pune, as crucial research sites, the present study attempts to provide an in-depth understanding of how socio-economic factors like space, time, gardening resources, economic resources, knowledge, skills, and individual choices determine the influence of UA practices within these two Indian cities. To unpack this, we used a mixed method approach, which encompassed a comprehensive online survey that was administered across 29 Indian cities from 2021 to 2022, and conducted online in-depth interviews with 50 key informants in Bengaluru and Pune. By using a thematic analysis approach, we found that several determinants shaped UA practices, which can be broadly divided into (a) demographic determinants (age, gender), (b) contextual determinants (space, resources, income, and other economic resources), and (c) inherent determinants (attitudes and perceptions of UA, knowledge of UA). Demographic determinants, such as age, have introduced technology into UA, while gender has played a defining role in the choice of plants and division of labor. Contextual determinants like the availability of space and resources determined the scale of UA, influencing the choice between small and large plants and trees. Determinants like training, education, peer learning, and social networks spread awareness about ‘best UA practices’, environmental consciousness and sustainability. Inherent determinants, like attitudes, provide a more personal and profound insight into the specific goals and, consequently, perceptions of the benefits of UA.