Abstract

Climate change shapes how people respond to risks and adapt, including through decisions about whether to move or stay. Some are displaced suddenly by floods or storms. Others migrate gradually to secure work or diversify their incomes. Many remain in place, finding new ways to cope with increasing risks. These choices are rarely clear-cut, and climate-related mobility often increases hardship and inequality for marginalised populations. Effective interventions and responses require coordinated action at local, national, and international levels. Evidence from the CLARE programme shows that migration is predominantly an economic imperative and part of broader adaptation strategies by individuals and regions. When people retain choice, migration can be a proactive way to reduce risk, protect livelihoods, and expand opportunities. When options are limited or support is lacking, mobility can deepen vulnerability.