{"id":20926,"date":"2024-07-16T13:32:57","date_gmt":"2024-07-16T08:02:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/?p=20926"},"modified":"2024-07-17T13:59:06","modified_gmt":"2024-07-17T08:29:06","slug":"machine-learning-enhanced-control-system-for-optimized-ceiling-fan-and-air-conditioner-operation-for-thermal-comfort","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/machine-learning-enhanced-control-system-for-optimized-ceiling-fan-and-air-conditioner-operation-for-thermal-comfort\/","title":{"rendered":"Machine Learning-Enhanced Control System for Optimized Ceiling Fan and Air Conditioner Operation for Thermal Comfort"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id='full_slider_1'  class='avia-fullwidth-slider main_color avia-shadow   avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_layout_row  avia-builder-el-first   container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div  class='avia-slideshow av-57lp5xa-db9434f3079ad5bef42b74c2cdeaee75 avia-slideshow-featured av_slideshow_full avia-fade-slider av-slideshow-ui av-control-hidden av-no-slider-navigation av-hide-nav-arrows av-slideshow-manual av-loop-once av-loop-manual-endless av-default-height-applied   avia-slideshow-1' data-slideshow-options=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fade&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:false,&quot;loop_autoplay&quot;:&quot;once&quot;,&quot;interval&quot;:5,&quot;loop_manual&quot;:&quot;manual-endless&quot;,&quot;autoplay_stopper&quot;:false,&quot;noNavigation&quot;:true,&quot;bg_slider&quot;:false,&quot;keep_padding&quot;:false,&quot;hoverpause&quot;:false,&quot;show_slide_delay&quot;:0}\"  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><ul class='avia-slideshow-inner ' style='padding-bottom: 23.333333333333%;'><li  class='avia-slideshow-slide av-57lp5xa-db9434f3079ad5bef42b74c2cdeaee75__0  av-single-slide slide-1 slide-odd'><div data-rel='slideshow-1' class='avia-slide-wrap '   ><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class=\"wp-image-9141 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-9141\"  src=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/layerslider\/IIHS-Cityscapes-copy\/temple-1500x350.jpg\" width=\"1500\" height=\"350\" title='temple' alt=''  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/layerslider\/IIHS-Cityscapes-copy\/temple.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/layerslider\/IIHS-Cityscapes-copy\/temple-300x70.jpg 300w, https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/layerslider\/IIHS-Cityscapes-copy\/temple-1030x240.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/layerslider\/IIHS-Cityscapes-copy\/temple-705x165.jpg 705w, https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/layerslider\/IIHS-Cityscapes-copy\/temple-450x105.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<div id='av-layout-grid-1'  class='av-layout-grid-container av-4l87tlq-4a1a16c4dd2cf55c73705b620238dc9d entry-content-wrapper main_color av-flex-cells  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_slideshow_full  avia-builder-el-last  grid-row-not-first  container_wrap sidebar_right'  >\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-42gcjoe-d95a39ee3d936e4afe9a240fbf5d2de3\">\n.flex_cell.av-42gcjoe-d95a39ee3d936e4afe9a240fbf5d2de3{\nvertical-align:top;\nbackground-color:#dfdfdf;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-42gcjoe-d95a39ee3d936e4afe9a240fbf5d2de3{\npadding:30px 30px 30px 30px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-42gcjoe-d95a39ee3d936e4afe9a240fbf5d2de3 av-gridrow-cell av_one_fifth no_margin  avia-builder-el-2  el_before_av_cell_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-first  content-align-top'  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><div  class='avia-builder-widget-area clearfix  avia-builder-el-3  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '><div id=\"nav_menu-3\" class=\"widget clearfix widget_nav_menu\"><div class=\"menu-knowledge-gateway-container\"><ul id=\"menu-knowledge-gateway\" class=\"menu\"><li id=\"menu-item-18382\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-18382\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\">PUBLICATIONS<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18383\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18383\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/?page_id=9472\">PAPERS AND ARTICLES<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18384\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18384\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/books-and-monographs\/\">BOOKS, BOOK CHAPTERS AND MONOGRAPHS<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18385\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18385\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/conference-proceedings\/\">CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18386\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18386\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/reports\/\">REPORTS<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18389\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18389\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/policy-papers\/\">POLICY PAPERS<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18388\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18388\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/cases\/\">CASES<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18387\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18387\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/policy-briefs\/\">POLICY BRIEFS<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-19935\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19935\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/glossaries\/\">GLOSSARIES<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18390\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18390\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/opinion-and-editorial\/\">OPINION AND EDITORIAL<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18391\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18391\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/maps-and-data\/\">MAPS AND DATA<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2zobcf2-4f1c738de4670b7e7a1299ce7554bf3a\">\n.flex_cell.av-2zobcf2-4f1c738de4670b7e7a1299ce7554bf3a{\nvertical-align:top;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-2zobcf2-4f1c738de4670b7e7a1299ce7554bf3a{\npadding:30px 30px 30px 30px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-2zobcf2-4f1c738de4670b7e7a1299ce7554bf3a av-gridrow-cell av_three_fifth no_margin  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_cell_one_fifth  el_before_av_cell_one_fifth  content-align-top'  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lyo46ae4-6446baeedc3755f13cdd5e1e5e813237\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-lyo46ae4-6446baeedc3755f13cdd5e1e5e813237{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-lyo46ae4-6446baeedc3755f13cdd5e1e5e813237 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-lyo46ae4-6446baeedc3755f13cdd5e1e5e813237 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-lyo46ae4-6446baeedc3755f13cdd5e1e5e813237 av-special-heading-h3  avia-builder-el-5  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Machine Learning-Enhanced Control System for Optimized Ceiling Fan and Air Conditioner Operation for Thermal Comfort<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lyo4fi12-1177436ca29b9493594957d02c505efc '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><span style=\"font-size: 13px; text-transform: none; color: #8a0000;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/iihs-people\/team\/manis-kumar-konsam\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Manis Kumar Konsam<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/iihs-people\/team\/amanda-thounaojam\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Amanda Thounaojam<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/iihs-people\/team\/prasad-vaidya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prasad Vaidya<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/iihs-people\/team\/gopikrishna\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gopikrishna A<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/iihs-people\/team\/uthej-d\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Uthej Dalavai<\/a>, Yashima Jain <\/em>| 14 June 2024\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lyo4fy9q-f78c8b30991697c19eabf1eb8784dbc9 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>This paper proposes and tests the implementation of a sustainable cooling approach that uses a machine learning model to predict operative temperatures, and an automated control sequence that prioritises ceiling fans over air conditioners. The robustness of the machine learning model (MLM) is tested by comparing its prediction with that of a straight-line model (SLM) using the metrics of Mean Bias Error (MBE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). This comparison is done across several rooms to see how each prediction method performs when the conditions are different from those of the original room where the model was trained. A control sequence has been developed where the MLM\u2019s prediction of Operative Temperature (OT) is used to adjust the adaptive thermal comfort band for increased air speed delivered by the ceiling fans to maintain acceptable OT. This control sequence is tested over a two-week period in two different buildings by comparing it with a constant air temperature setpoint (24\u00baC).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lypkx6ni-c55ff034d91b74368141d06f3142b4dc '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/\/10.24943\/MLCSOCFACOTC6.2023<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='avia-button-wrap av-lyo4hhr8-cb28078f104ae9be9f96917b542381b8-wrap avia-button-left  avia-builder-el-9  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_hr '><a href='https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Machine-learning-enhanvced-control-system.pdf'  class='avia-button av-lyo4hhr8-cb28078f104ae9be9f96917b542381b8 av-link-btn avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-size-medium avia-position-left avia-color-theme-color'  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"  aria-label=\"Download Paper\"><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue82d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' ><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Download Paper<\/span><\/a><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2gqhqfy-b2b2823552019bc743d10031a15ec5cd\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-2gqhqfy-b2b2823552019bc743d10031a15ec5cd{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-2gqhqfy-b2b2823552019bc743d10031a15ec5cd hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-10  el_after_av_button  el_before_av_social_share '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='av-social-sharing-box av-225hp7i-6944677cb711b513390725b4f6d81f77 av-social-sharing-box-minimal  avia-builder-el-11  el_after_av_hr  avia-builder-el-last  av-social-sharing-box-fullwidth'><div class=\"av-share-box\"><h5 class='av-share-link-description av-no-toc '>Share this entry<\/h5><ul class=\"av-share-box-list noLightbox\"><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-facebook avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on Facebook\" href='https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/machine-learning-enhanced-control-system-for-optimized-ceiling-fan-and-air-conditioner-operation-for-thermal-comfort\/&#038;t=Machine%20Learning-Enhanced%20Control%20System%20for%20Optimized%20Ceiling%20Fan%20and%20Air%20Conditioner%20Operation%20for%20Thermal%20Comfort' data-av_icon='\ue8f3' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on Facebook'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on Facebook<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-twitter avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on X\" href='https:\/\/twitter.com\/share?text=Machine%20Learning-Enhanced%20Control%20System%20for%20Optimized%20Ceiling%20Fan%20and%20Air%20Conditioner%20Operation%20for%20Thermal%20Comfort&#038;url=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/?p=20926' data-av_icon='\ue932' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on X'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on X<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-whatsapp avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on WhatsApp\" href='https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send?text=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/machine-learning-enhanced-control-system-for-optimized-ceiling-fan-and-air-conditioner-operation-for-thermal-comfort\/' data-av_icon='\uf232' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on WhatsApp'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on WhatsApp<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-pinterest avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on Pinterest\" href='https:\/\/pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fiihs.co.in%2Fknowledge-gateway%2Fmachine-learning-enhanced-control-system-for-optimized-ceiling-fan-and-air-conditioner-operation-for-thermal-comfort%2F&#038;description=Machine%20Learning-Enhanced%20Control%20System%20for%20Optimized%20Ceiling%20Fan%20and%20Air%20Conditioner%20Operation%20for%20Thermal%20Comfort&#038;media=https%3A%2F%2Fiihs.co.in%2Fknowledge-gateway%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F01%2Fiihs_logo-705x566.png' data-av_icon='\ue8f8' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on Pinterest'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on Pinterest<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-linkedin avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on LinkedIn\" href='https:\/\/linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&#038;title=Machine%20Learning-Enhanced%20Control%20System%20for%20Optimized%20Ceiling%20Fan%20and%20Air%20Conditioner%20Operation%20for%20Thermal%20Comfort&#038;url=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/machine-learning-enhanced-control-system-for-optimized-ceiling-fan-and-air-conditioner-operation-for-thermal-comfort\/' data-av_icon='\ue8fc' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on LinkedIn'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on LinkedIn<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-tumblr avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on Tumblr\" href='https:\/\/www.tumblr.com\/share\/link?url=https%3A%2F%2Fiihs.co.in%2Fknowledge-gateway%2Fmachine-learning-enhanced-control-system-for-optimized-ceiling-fan-and-air-conditioner-operation-for-thermal-comfort%2F&#038;name=Machine%20Learning-Enhanced%20Control%20System%20for%20Optimized%20Ceiling%20Fan%20and%20Air%20Conditioner%20Operation%20for%20Thermal%20Comfort&#038;description=' data-av_icon='\ue8fa' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on Tumblr'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on Tumblr<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-vk avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on Vk\" href='https:\/\/vk.com\/share.php?url=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/machine-learning-enhanced-control-system-for-optimized-ceiling-fan-and-air-conditioner-operation-for-thermal-comfort\/' data-av_icon='\ue926' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on Vk'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on Vk<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-reddit avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on Reddit\" href='https:\/\/reddit.com\/submit?url=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/machine-learning-enhanced-control-system-for-optimized-ceiling-fan-and-air-conditioner-operation-for-thermal-comfort\/&#038;title=Machine%20Learning-Enhanced%20Control%20System%20for%20Optimized%20Ceiling%20Fan%20and%20Air%20Conditioner%20Operation%20for%20Thermal%20Comfort' data-av_icon='\ue927' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on Reddit'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on Reddit<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-mail avia_social_iconfont' ><a  aria-label=\"Share by Mail\" href='mailto:?subject=Machine%20Learning-Enhanced%20Control%20System%20for%20Optimized%20Ceiling%20Fan%20and%20Air%20Conditioner%20Operation%20for%20Thermal%20Comfort&#038;body=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/machine-learning-enhanced-control-system-for-optimized-ceiling-fan-and-air-conditioner-operation-for-thermal-comfort\/' data-av_icon='\ue805' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share by Mail'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share by Mail<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1s9krry-2ddd11504ecc4f6fb31408dfb08aa6e0\">\n.flex_cell.av-1s9krry-2ddd11504ecc4f6fb31408dfb08aa6e0{\nvertical-align:top;\nbackground-color:#cfcfcf;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-1s9krry-2ddd11504ecc4f6fb31408dfb08aa6e0{\npadding:30px 30px 30px 30px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-1s9krry-2ddd11504ecc4f6fb31408dfb08aa6e0 av-gridrow-cell av_one_fifth no_margin  avia-builder-el-12  el_after_av_cell_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-last  content-align-top'  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><p><div  class='avia-builder-widget-area clearfix  avia-builder-el-13  el_before_av_sidebar  avia-builder-el-first '><div id=\"search-2\" class=\"widget clearfix widget_search\"><h3 class=\"widgettitle\">Search<\/h3>\n<search>\n\t<form action=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/\" id=\"searchform\" method=\"get\" class=\"av_disable_ajax_search\">\n\t\t<div>\n<span class='av_searchform_search avia-svg-icon avia-font-svg_entypo-fontello' data-av_svg_icon='search' data-av_iconset='svg_entypo-fontello'><svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"25\" height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 25 32\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" aria-labelledby='av-svg-title-1' aria-describedby='av-svg-desc-1' role=\"graphics-symbol\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n<title id='av-svg-title-1'>Search<\/title>\n<desc id='av-svg-desc-1'>Search<\/desc>\n<path d=\"M24.704 24.704q0.96 1.088 0.192 1.984l-1.472 1.472q-1.152 1.024-2.176 0l-6.080-6.080q-2.368 1.344-4.992 1.344-4.096 0-7.136-3.040t-3.040-7.136 2.88-7.008 6.976-2.912 7.168 3.040 3.072 7.136q0 2.816-1.472 5.184zM3.008 13.248q0 2.816 2.176 4.992t4.992 2.176 4.832-2.016 2.016-4.896q0-2.816-2.176-4.96t-4.992-2.144-4.832 2.016-2.016 4.832z\"><\/path>\n<\/svg><\/span>\t\t\t<input type=\"submit\" value=\"\" id=\"searchsubmit\" class=\"button\" title=\"Click to start search\" \/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"search\" id=\"s\" name=\"s\" value=\"\" aria-label='Search' placeholder='Search' required \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/form>\n<\/search>\n<\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='avia-builder-widget-area clearfix  avia-builder-el-14  el_after_av_sidebar  avia-builder-el-last '><div id=\"tag_cloud-3\" class=\"widget clearfix widget_tag_cloud\"><h3 class=\"widgettitle\">Tags<\/h3><div class=\"tagcloud\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/1-5c\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-125 tag-link-position-1\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"1.5\u00b0C (2 items)\">1.5\u00b0C<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/adaptation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-123 tag-link-position-2\" style=\"font-size: 11.478260869565pt;\" aria-label=\"Adaptation (4 items)\">Adaptation<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/area-studies\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-214 tag-link-position-3\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Area Studies (1 item)\">Area Studies<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/ayurveda\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-213 tag-link-position-4\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Ayurveda (1 item)\">Ayurveda<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/built-environment\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-215 tag-link-position-5\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Built Environment (1 item)\">Built Environment<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/capacity-building\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-233 tag-link-position-6\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Capacity Building (2 items)\">Capacity Building<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/capacity-development\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-141 tag-link-position-7\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Capacity Development (2 items)\">Capacity Development<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/chronic-disease\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-212 tag-link-position-8\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Chronic disease (1 item)\">Chronic disease<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/climate-change\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-68 tag-link-position-9\" style=\"font-size: 14.782608695652pt;\" aria-label=\"Climate Change (11 items)\">Climate Change<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/culture\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-107 tag-link-position-10\" style=\"font-size: 14.434782608696pt;\" aria-label=\"Culture (10 items)\">Culture<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/cultures-of-medicine\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-211 tag-link-position-11\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Cultures of medicine (1 item)\">Cultures of medicine<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/data-and-metrics\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-103 tag-link-position-12\" style=\"font-size: 18.347826086957pt;\" aria-label=\"Data and Metrics (30 items)\">Data and Metrics<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/design\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-145 tag-link-position-13\" style=\"font-size: 11.478260869565pt;\" aria-label=\"Design (4 items)\">Design<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/economic-development\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-99 tag-link-position-14\" style=\"font-size: 18.95652173913pt;\" aria-label=\"Economic Development (35 items)\">Economic Development<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/ecosystem\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-152 tag-link-position-15\" style=\"font-size: 15.826086956522pt;\" aria-label=\"Ecosystem (15 items)\">Ecosystem<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/energy\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-160 tag-link-position-16\" style=\"font-size: 12.173913043478pt;\" aria-label=\"Energy (5 items)\">Energy<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/environment-and-climate\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-104 tag-link-position-17\" style=\"font-size: 22pt;\" aria-label=\"Environment and Climate (80 items)\">Environment and Climate<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/equity\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-94 tag-link-position-18\" style=\"font-size: 10.608695652174pt;\" aria-label=\"Equity (3 items)\">Equity<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/gender\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-110 tag-link-position-19\" style=\"font-size: 12.173913043478pt;\" aria-label=\"Gender (5 items)\">Gender<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/governance\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-102 tag-link-position-20\" style=\"font-size: 18pt;\" aria-label=\"Governance (27 items)\">Governance<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/health\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-151 tag-link-position-21\" style=\"font-size: 10.608695652174pt;\" aria-label=\"Health (3 items)\">Health<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/housing\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-13 tag-link-position-22\" style=\"font-size: 18pt;\" aria-label=\"Housing (27 items)\">Housing<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/human-development\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-100 tag-link-position-23\" style=\"font-size: 15.652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Human Development (14 items)\">Human Development<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/illness-narratives\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-210 tag-link-position-24\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Illness narratives (1 item)\">Illness narratives<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/industrial-policy\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-80 tag-link-position-25\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Industrial Policy (2 items)\">Industrial Policy<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/instructional-design\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-150 tag-link-position-26\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Instructional Design (2 items)\">Instructional Design<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/ipcc\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-126 tag-link-position-27\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"IPCC (2 items)\">IPCC<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/knowledge\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-143 tag-link-position-28\" style=\"font-size: 10.608695652174pt;\" aria-label=\"Knowledge (3 items)\">Knowledge<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/land\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-108 tag-link-position-29\" style=\"font-size: 19.652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Land (43 items)\">Land<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/medical-diversity\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-208 tag-link-position-30\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Medical diversity (1 item)\">Medical diversity<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/migration\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-234 tag-link-position-31\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"migration (2 items)\">migration<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/non-economic-loss\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-194 tag-link-position-32\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Non-Economic Loss (1 item)\">Non-Economic Loss<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/planning\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-106 tag-link-position-33\" style=\"font-size: 17.565217391304pt;\" aria-label=\"Planning (24 items)\">Planning<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/pluralism\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-209 tag-link-position-34\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Pluralism (1 item)\">Pluralism<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/policies\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-146 tag-link-position-35\" style=\"font-size: 10.608695652174pt;\" aria-label=\"Policies (3 items)\">Policies<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/poverty-and-inequality\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-101 tag-link-position-36\" style=\"font-size: 17.391304347826pt;\" aria-label=\"Poverty and Inequality (23 items)\">Poverty and Inequality<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/risk\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-97 tag-link-position-37\" style=\"font-size: 16.521739130435pt;\" aria-label=\"Risk (18 items)\">Risk<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/sanitation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-67 tag-link-position-38\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Sanitation (2 items)\">Sanitation<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/scholarly-publishing\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-130 tag-link-position-39\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Scholarly Publishing (2 items)\">Scholarly Publishing<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/science-gaps\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-193 tag-link-position-40\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Science Gaps (1 item)\">Science Gaps<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/sustainability\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-93 tag-link-position-41\" style=\"font-size: 12.782608695652pt;\" aria-label=\"Sustainability (6 items)\">Sustainability<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/training-manual\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-242 tag-link-position-42\" style=\"font-size: 10.608695652174pt;\" aria-label=\"Training manual (3 items)\">Training manual<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/transport\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-95 tag-link-position-43\" style=\"font-size: 12.173913043478pt;\" aria-label=\"Transport (5 items)\">Transport<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/urbanisation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-88 tag-link-position-44\" style=\"font-size: 12.782608695652pt;\" aria-label=\"Urbanisation (6 items)\">Urbanisation<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/water-and-sanitation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-96 tag-link-position-45\" style=\"font-size: 18.086956521739pt;\" aria-label=\"Water and Sanitation (28 items)\">Water and Sanitation<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":17766,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[112],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20926","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reports"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20926","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20926"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20926\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20933,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20926\/revisions\/20933"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17766"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20926"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20926"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20926"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}