{"id":17164,"date":"2021-10-20T11:48:20","date_gmt":"2021-10-20T06:18:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/?p=17164"},"modified":"2022-04-19T17:26:11","modified_gmt":"2022-04-19T11:56:11","slug":"dynamics-of-sediment-discharge-in-relation-to-land-use-and-hydro-climatology-in-a-humid-tropical-watershed-in-costa-rica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/dynamics-of-sediment-discharge-in-relation-to-land-use-and-hydro-climatology-in-a-humid-tropical-watershed-in-costa-rica\/","title":{"rendered":"Dynamics of Sediment Discharge in Relation to Land-Use and Hydro-Climatology in a Humid Tropical Watershed in Costa Rica"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id='full_slider_1'  class='avia-fullwidth-slider main_color avia-shadow   avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_layout_row  avia-builder-el-first   container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div  class='avia-slideshow av-av_slideshow_full-256baf843038993bbe2e04682c8b91b9 avia-slideshow-featured av_slideshow_full avia-fade-slider av-slideshow-ui av-control-hidden av-no-slider-navigation av-hide-nav-arrows av-slideshow-manual av-loop-once av-loop-manual-endless av-default-height-applied   avia-slideshow-1' data-slideshow-options=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fade&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:false,&quot;loop_autoplay&quot;:&quot;once&quot;,&quot;interval&quot;:5,&quot;loop_manual&quot;:&quot;manual-endless&quot;,&quot;autoplay_stopper&quot;:false,&quot;noNavigation&quot;:true,&quot;bg_slider&quot;:false,&quot;keep_padding&quot;:false,&quot;hoverpause&quot;:false,&quot;show_slide_delay&quot;:0}\"  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><ul class='avia-slideshow-inner ' style='padding-bottom: 23.333333333333%;'><li  class='avia-slideshow-slide av-av_slideshow_full-256baf843038993bbe2e04682c8b91b9__0  av-single-slide slide-1 slide-odd'><div data-rel='slideshow-1' class='avia-slide-wrap '   ><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class=\"wp-image-9141 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-9141\"  src=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/layerslider\/IIHS-Cityscapes-copy\/temple-1500x350.jpg\" width=\"1500\" height=\"350\" title='temple' alt=''  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/layerslider\/IIHS-Cityscapes-copy\/temple.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/layerslider\/IIHS-Cityscapes-copy\/temple-300x70.jpg 300w, https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/layerslider\/IIHS-Cityscapes-copy\/temple-1030x240.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/layerslider\/IIHS-Cityscapes-copy\/temple-705x165.jpg 705w, https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/layerslider\/IIHS-Cityscapes-copy\/temple-450x105.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<div id='av-layout-grid-1'  class='av-layout-grid-container av-av_layout_row-caf1f26e08707a2ebe9176b630e736c2 entry-content-wrapper main_color av-flex-cells  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_slideshow_full  avia-builder-el-last  grid-row-not-first  container_wrap sidebar_right'  >\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_cell_one_fifth-4950cc613f23f78b3fe229495809bdba\">\n.flex_cell.av-av_cell_one_fifth-4950cc613f23f78b3fe229495809bdba{\nvertical-align:top;\nbackground-color:#dfdfdf;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-av_cell_one_fifth-4950cc613f23f78b3fe229495809bdba{\npadding:30px 30px 30px 30px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-av_cell_one_fifth-4950cc613f23f78b3fe229495809bdba av-gridrow-cell av_one_fifth no_margin  avia-builder-el-2  el_before_av_cell_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-first  content-align-top'  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><div  class='avia-builder-widget-area clearfix  avia-builder-el-3  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '><div id=\"nav_menu-3\" class=\"widget clearfix widget_nav_menu\"><div class=\"menu-knowledge-gateway-container\"><ul id=\"menu-knowledge-gateway\" class=\"menu\"><li id=\"menu-item-18382\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-18382\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\">PUBLICATIONS<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18383\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18383\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/?page_id=9472\">PAPERS AND ARTICLES<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18384\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18384\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/books-and-monographs\/\">BOOKS, BOOK CHAPTERS AND MONOGRAPHS<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18385\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18385\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/conference-proceedings\/\">CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18386\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18386\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/reports\/\">REPORTS<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18389\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18389\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/policy-papers\/\">POLICY PAPERS<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18388\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18388\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/cases\/\">CASES<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18387\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18387\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/policy-briefs\/\">POLICY BRIEFS<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-19935\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19935\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/glossaries\/\">GLOSSARIES<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18390\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18390\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/opinion-and-editorial\/\">OPINION AND EDITORIAL<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18391\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18391\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/maps-and-data\/\">MAPS AND DATA<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_cell_three_fifth-5227a743201b625eadc00b27db60eab9\">\n.flex_cell.av-av_cell_three_fifth-5227a743201b625eadc00b27db60eab9{\nvertical-align:top;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-av_cell_three_fifth-5227a743201b625eadc00b27db60eab9{\npadding:30px 30px 30px 30px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-av_cell_three_fifth-5227a743201b625eadc00b27db60eab9 av-gridrow-cell av_three_fifth no_margin  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_cell_one_fifth  el_before_av_cell_one_fifth  content-align-top'  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuz4dc8q-bd2da4654507116191a34da9a6fdd156\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kuz4dc8q-bd2da4654507116191a34da9a6fdd156{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kuz4dc8q-bd2da4654507116191a34da9a6fdd156 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kuz4dc8q-bd2da4654507116191a34da9a6fdd156 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kuz4dc8q-bd2da4654507116191a34da9a6fdd156 av-special-heading-h3  avia-builder-el-5  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Dynamics of Sediment Discharge in Relation to Land-Use and Hydro-Climatology in a Humid Tropical Watershed in Costa Rica<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kuz4g58y-0db51cbffdbcc823b6c7a6ece466c3c1 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><span style=\"font-size: 13px; text-transform: none; color: #8a0000;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/iihs-people\/team\/jagdish-krishnaswamy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jagdish Krishnaswamy<\/a>, Patrick N.Halpin, Daniel D.Richter <\/em>| 2001<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kuz4hx0z-a4cd91d8e56b26514d2557b141c4d93d '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p class=\"p2\">Abstract<\/p>\n<p id=\"simple-para0060\">Hydrology in humid tropical regions is often characterized by considerable natural variability and uncertainty. Hydrologic and land-use data from the Terraba basin in Costa Rica are used to analyze dynamics in sediment discharge processes during the period 1971\u20131993.<\/p>\n<p id=\"simple-para0065\">Time-series of log transformed sediment concentration and flow are analyzed with a Bayesian dynamic linear regression model (DLM) to detect changes in the sediment\u2013flow relationship over time. Annual time-series of estimated sediment discharge based on the DLMs were regressed against various hydro-climatic variables based on the\u00a0Southern Oscillation\u00a0Index (SOI), rainfall,\u00a0stream flow\u00a0and rainfall\u00a0erosivity. Hydro-climatic variables such as rainfall, stream flow and rainfall erosivity were also regressed against SOI. The results from the regression models, the presence of trends in the DLM slope and other hydro-climatic parameters for each sub-basin were used to compare the hydro-climatic and sediment response characteristics of the sub-basins.<\/p>\n<p id=\"simple-para0070\">Over 60% of the variability in hydro-climatic variables like rainfall, rainfall erosivity and stream flow is explained by SOI but less than 40% for sediment discharge measured at the basin mouth. The clustering of stations and sub-basins with respect to sediment discharge responses is different from that based on hydro-climatic characteristics. Stations or sub-basins corresponding to areas with large rates of deforestation and\/or agricultural intensification and earthquake related soil disturbance tend to fall in one cluster. These sub-basins are characterized by an increase in the sediment\u2013flow regression slope over time, and weaker relationship between sediment discharge and hydro-climatic variables such as SOI, rainfall and flow. In sub-basins undergoing rapid land-surface changes, variability in sediment supplies accounted for an estimated 50\u201390% of the variability in annual sediment discharge.<\/p>\n<p id=\"simple-para0075\">The methods described in this paper can be used to analyze many existing hydrologic time-series to detect land-use effects on\u00a0watershed hydrology.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='avia-button-wrap av-kuz4iwpv-5134e3c1a9807473ad2d3acbcc76d81d-wrap avia-button-left  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_hr '><a href='https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0022169401004747'  class='avia-button av-kuz4iwpv-5134e3c1a9807473ad2d3acbcc76d81d av-link-btn avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-size-medium avia-position-left avia-color-theme-color'  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"  aria-label=\"Access Paper\"><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left avia-iconfont avia-font-entypo-fontello' data-av_icon='\ue82d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' ><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Access Paper<\/span><\/a><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_hr-5ea7596238ed9f191e6b5e662093052f\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-av_hr-5ea7596238ed9f191e6b5e662093052f{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-5ea7596238ed9f191e6b5e662093052f hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-9  el_after_av_button  el_before_av_social_share '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='av-social-sharing-box av-av_social_share-5995610a499585b311e23e1b98b9221f av-social-sharing-box-minimal  avia-builder-el-10  el_after_av_hr  avia-builder-el-last  av-social-sharing-box-fullwidth'><div class=\"av-share-box\"><h5 class='av-share-link-description av-no-toc '>Share this entry<\/h5><ul class=\"av-share-box-list noLightbox\"><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-facebook avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on Facebook\" href='https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/dynamics-of-sediment-discharge-in-relation-to-land-use-and-hydro-climatology-in-a-humid-tropical-watershed-in-costa-rica\/&#038;t=Dynamics%20of%20Sediment%20Discharge%20in%20Relation%20to%20Land-Use%20and%20Hydro-Climatology%20in%20a%20Humid%20Tropical%20Watershed%20in%20Costa%20Rica' data-av_icon='\ue8f3' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on Facebook'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on Facebook<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-twitter avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on X\" href='https:\/\/twitter.com\/share?text=Dynamics%20of%20Sediment%20Discharge%20in%20Relation%20to%20Land-Use%20and%20Hydro-Climatology%20in%20a%20Humid%20Tropical%20Watershed%20in%20Costa%20Rica&#038;url=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/?p=17164' data-av_icon='\ue932' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on X'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on X<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-whatsapp avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on WhatsApp\" href='https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send?text=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/dynamics-of-sediment-discharge-in-relation-to-land-use-and-hydro-climatology-in-a-humid-tropical-watershed-in-costa-rica\/' data-av_icon='\uf232' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on WhatsApp'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on WhatsApp<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-pinterest avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on Pinterest\" href='https:\/\/pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fiihs.co.in%2Fknowledge-gateway%2Fdynamics-of-sediment-discharge-in-relation-to-land-use-and-hydro-climatology-in-a-humid-tropical-watershed-in-costa-rica%2F&#038;description=Dynamics%20of%20Sediment%20Discharge%20in%20Relation%20to%20Land-Use%20and%20Hydro-Climatology%20in%20a%20Humid%20Tropical%20Watershed%20in%20Costa%20Rica&#038;media=https%3A%2F%2Fiihs.co.in%2Fknowledge-gateway%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F01%2Fiihs_logo_R_1-1.png' data-av_icon='\ue8f8' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on Pinterest'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on Pinterest<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-linkedin avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on LinkedIn\" href='https:\/\/linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&#038;title=Dynamics%20of%20Sediment%20Discharge%20in%20Relation%20to%20Land-Use%20and%20Hydro-Climatology%20in%20a%20Humid%20Tropical%20Watershed%20in%20Costa%20Rica&#038;url=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/dynamics-of-sediment-discharge-in-relation-to-land-use-and-hydro-climatology-in-a-humid-tropical-watershed-in-costa-rica\/' data-av_icon='\ue8fc' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on LinkedIn'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on LinkedIn<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-tumblr avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on Tumblr\" href='https:\/\/www.tumblr.com\/share\/link?url=https%3A%2F%2Fiihs.co.in%2Fknowledge-gateway%2Fdynamics-of-sediment-discharge-in-relation-to-land-use-and-hydro-climatology-in-a-humid-tropical-watershed-in-costa-rica%2F&#038;name=Dynamics%20of%20Sediment%20Discharge%20in%20Relation%20to%20Land-Use%20and%20Hydro-Climatology%20in%20a%20Humid%20Tropical%20Watershed%20in%20Costa%20Rica&#038;description=%3Cem%3EJagdish%20Krishnaswamy%2C%20Patrick%20N.Halpin%2C%20Daniel%20D.Richter%3C%2Fem%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Chr%2F%3E' data-av_icon='\ue8fa' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on Tumblr'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on Tumblr<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-vk avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on Vk\" href='https:\/\/vk.com\/share.php?url=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/dynamics-of-sediment-discharge-in-relation-to-land-use-and-hydro-climatology-in-a-humid-tropical-watershed-in-costa-rica\/' data-av_icon='\ue926' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on Vk'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on Vk<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-reddit avia_social_iconfont' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on Reddit\" href='https:\/\/reddit.com\/submit?url=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/dynamics-of-sediment-discharge-in-relation-to-land-use-and-hydro-climatology-in-a-humid-tropical-watershed-in-costa-rica\/&#038;title=Dynamics%20of%20Sediment%20Discharge%20in%20Relation%20to%20Land-Use%20and%20Hydro-Climatology%20in%20a%20Humid%20Tropical%20Watershed%20in%20Costa%20Rica' data-av_icon='\ue927' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on Reddit'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on Reddit<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-mail avia_social_iconfont' ><a  aria-label=\"Share by Mail\" href='mailto:?subject=Dynamics%20of%20Sediment%20Discharge%20in%20Relation%20to%20Land-Use%20and%20Hydro-Climatology%20in%20a%20Humid%20Tropical%20Watershed%20in%20Costa%20Rica&#038;body=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/dynamics-of-sediment-discharge-in-relation-to-land-use-and-hydro-climatology-in-a-humid-tropical-watershed-in-costa-rica\/' data-av_icon='\ue805' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'  title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share by Mail'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share by Mail<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_cell_one_fifth-08b0eae3ef1ee91ce1bc2f44da4ce61e\">\n.flex_cell.av-av_cell_one_fifth-08b0eae3ef1ee91ce1bc2f44da4ce61e{\nvertical-align:top;\nbackground-color:#cfcfcf;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-av_cell_one_fifth-08b0eae3ef1ee91ce1bc2f44da4ce61e{\npadding:30px 30px 30px 30px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-av_cell_one_fifth-08b0eae3ef1ee91ce1bc2f44da4ce61e av-gridrow-cell av_one_fifth no_margin  avia-builder-el-11  el_after_av_cell_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-last  content-align-top'  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><p><div  class='avia-builder-widget-area clearfix  avia-builder-el-12  el_before_av_sidebar  avia-builder-el-first '><div id=\"search-2\" class=\"widget clearfix widget_search\"><h3 class=\"widgettitle\">Search<\/h3>\n<search>\n\t<form action=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/\" id=\"searchform\" method=\"get\" class=\"av_disable_ajax_search\">\n\t\t<div>\n<span class='av_searchform_search avia-svg-icon avia-font-svg_entypo-fontello' data-av_svg_icon='search' data-av_iconset='svg_entypo-fontello'><svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"25\" height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 25 32\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" aria-labelledby='av-svg-title-1' aria-describedby='av-svg-desc-1' role=\"graphics-symbol\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n<title id='av-svg-title-1'>Search<\/title>\n<desc id='av-svg-desc-1'>Search<\/desc>\n<path d=\"M24.704 24.704q0.96 1.088 0.192 1.984l-1.472 1.472q-1.152 1.024-2.176 0l-6.080-6.080q-2.368 1.344-4.992 1.344-4.096 0-7.136-3.040t-3.040-7.136 2.88-7.008 6.976-2.912 7.168 3.040 3.072 7.136q0 2.816-1.472 5.184zM3.008 13.248q0 2.816 2.176 4.992t4.992 2.176 4.832-2.016 2.016-4.896q0-2.816-2.176-4.96t-4.992-2.144-4.832 2.016-2.016 4.832z\"><\/path>\n<\/svg><\/span>\t\t\t<input type=\"submit\" value=\"\" id=\"searchsubmit\" class=\"button\" title=\"Click to start search\" \/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"search\" id=\"s\" name=\"s\" value=\"\" aria-label='Search' placeholder='Search' required \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/form>\n<\/search>\n<\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='avia-builder-widget-area clearfix  avia-builder-el-13  el_after_av_sidebar  avia-builder-el-last '><div id=\"tag_cloud-3\" class=\"widget clearfix widget_tag_cloud\"><h3 class=\"widgettitle\">Tags<\/h3><div class=\"tagcloud\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/1-5c\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-125 tag-link-position-1\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"1.5\u00b0C (2 items)\">1.5\u00b0C<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/adaptation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-123 tag-link-position-2\" style=\"font-size: 11.478260869565pt;\" aria-label=\"Adaptation (4 items)\">Adaptation<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/area-studies\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-214 tag-link-position-3\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Area Studies (1 item)\">Area Studies<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/ayurveda\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-213 tag-link-position-4\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Ayurveda (1 item)\">Ayurveda<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/built-environment\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-215 tag-link-position-5\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Built Environment (1 item)\">Built Environment<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/capacity-building\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-233 tag-link-position-6\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Capacity Building (2 items)\">Capacity Building<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/capacity-development\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-141 tag-link-position-7\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Capacity Development (2 items)\">Capacity Development<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/chronic-disease\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-212 tag-link-position-8\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Chronic disease (1 item)\">Chronic disease<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/climate-change\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-68 tag-link-position-9\" style=\"font-size: 14.782608695652pt;\" aria-label=\"Climate Change (11 items)\">Climate Change<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/culture\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-107 tag-link-position-10\" style=\"font-size: 14.434782608696pt;\" aria-label=\"Culture (10 items)\">Culture<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/cultures-of-medicine\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-211 tag-link-position-11\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Cultures of medicine (1 item)\">Cultures of medicine<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/data-and-metrics\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-103 tag-link-position-12\" style=\"font-size: 18.347826086957pt;\" aria-label=\"Data and Metrics (30 items)\">Data and Metrics<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/design\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-145 tag-link-position-13\" style=\"font-size: 11.478260869565pt;\" aria-label=\"Design (4 items)\">Design<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/economic-development\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-99 tag-link-position-14\" style=\"font-size: 18.95652173913pt;\" aria-label=\"Economic Development (35 items)\">Economic Development<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/ecosystem\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-152 tag-link-position-15\" style=\"font-size: 15.826086956522pt;\" aria-label=\"Ecosystem (15 items)\">Ecosystem<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/energy\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-160 tag-link-position-16\" style=\"font-size: 12.173913043478pt;\" aria-label=\"Energy (5 items)\">Energy<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/environment-and-climate\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-104 tag-link-position-17\" style=\"font-size: 22pt;\" aria-label=\"Environment and Climate (80 items)\">Environment and Climate<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/equity\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-94 tag-link-position-18\" style=\"font-size: 10.608695652174pt;\" aria-label=\"Equity (3 items)\">Equity<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/gender\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-110 tag-link-position-19\" style=\"font-size: 12.173913043478pt;\" aria-label=\"Gender (5 items)\">Gender<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/governance\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-102 tag-link-position-20\" style=\"font-size: 18pt;\" aria-label=\"Governance (27 items)\">Governance<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/health\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-151 tag-link-position-21\" style=\"font-size: 10.608695652174pt;\" aria-label=\"Health (3 items)\">Health<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/housing\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-13 tag-link-position-22\" style=\"font-size: 18pt;\" aria-label=\"Housing (27 items)\">Housing<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/human-development\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-100 tag-link-position-23\" style=\"font-size: 15.652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Human Development (14 items)\">Human Development<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/illness-narratives\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-210 tag-link-position-24\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Illness narratives (1 item)\">Illness narratives<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/industrial-policy\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-80 tag-link-position-25\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Industrial Policy (2 items)\">Industrial Policy<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/instructional-design\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-150 tag-link-position-26\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Instructional Design (2 items)\">Instructional Design<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/ipcc\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-126 tag-link-position-27\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"IPCC (2 items)\">IPCC<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/knowledge\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-143 tag-link-position-28\" style=\"font-size: 10.608695652174pt;\" aria-label=\"Knowledge (3 items)\">Knowledge<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/land\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-108 tag-link-position-29\" style=\"font-size: 19.652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Land (43 items)\">Land<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/medical-diversity\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-208 tag-link-position-30\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Medical diversity (1 item)\">Medical diversity<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/migration\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-234 tag-link-position-31\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"migration (2 items)\">migration<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/non-economic-loss\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-194 tag-link-position-32\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Non-Economic Loss (1 item)\">Non-Economic Loss<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/planning\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-106 tag-link-position-33\" style=\"font-size: 17.565217391304pt;\" aria-label=\"Planning (24 items)\">Planning<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/pluralism\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-209 tag-link-position-34\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Pluralism (1 item)\">Pluralism<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/policies\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-146 tag-link-position-35\" style=\"font-size: 10.608695652174pt;\" aria-label=\"Policies (3 items)\">Policies<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/poverty-and-inequality\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-101 tag-link-position-36\" style=\"font-size: 17.391304347826pt;\" aria-label=\"Poverty and Inequality (23 items)\">Poverty and Inequality<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/risk\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-97 tag-link-position-37\" style=\"font-size: 16.521739130435pt;\" aria-label=\"Risk (18 items)\">Risk<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/sanitation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-67 tag-link-position-38\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Sanitation (2 items)\">Sanitation<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/scholarly-publishing\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-130 tag-link-position-39\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Scholarly Publishing (2 items)\">Scholarly Publishing<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/science-gaps\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-193 tag-link-position-40\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Science Gaps (1 item)\">Science Gaps<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/sustainability\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-93 tag-link-position-41\" style=\"font-size: 12.782608695652pt;\" aria-label=\"Sustainability (6 items)\">Sustainability<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/training-manual\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-242 tag-link-position-42\" style=\"font-size: 10.608695652174pt;\" aria-label=\"Training manual (3 items)\">Training manual<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/transport\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-95 tag-link-position-43\" style=\"font-size: 12.173913043478pt;\" aria-label=\"Transport (5 items)\">Transport<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/urbanisation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-88 tag-link-position-44\" style=\"font-size: 12.782608695652pt;\" aria-label=\"Urbanisation (6 items)\">Urbanisation<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/water-and-sanitation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-96 tag-link-position-45\" style=\"font-size: 18.086956521739pt;\" aria-label=\"Water and Sanitation (28 items)\">Water and Sanitation<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><em>Jagdish Krishnaswamy, Patrick N.Halpin, Daniel D.Richter<\/em><\/p>\n<hr\/>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":11835,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[71],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17164","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-paper"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17164","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17164"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17164\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11835"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17164"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17164"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17164"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}